20th Century Architecture

REPORTED BY:LUBIANO, KEZIA

20th Century Architecture

RAPID ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

URBANIZATION INCREASED

ARCHITECTURE WAS AFFECTED BY POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC EVENTS

ADVANCE IN TECHNOLOGY CUES FOR NEW ARTISTIC FORM, SPACE AND TIME

BACKGROUND

MODERNISM ( MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE )

• EMPHASIZES FUNCTION• ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE FOR SPECIFIC NEEDS

RATHER THAN IMITATE NATURE

FEATURES OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE:

LITTLE OR NO ORNAMENTATIONFACTORY-MADE PARTSMAN-MADE MATERIALS SUCH AS

METAL AND CONCRETEREBELLION ON TRADITIONAL STYLES

STYLISTIC IDEAS OF MODERNISM:STRUCTURALISMCONSTRUCTIVISMFORMALISMBAUHAUSTHE INTERNATIONAL STYLEDE STIJLBRUTALISM MINIMALISM

STRUCTURALISMbased on the idea that all things are built

from a system of signs (these signs are made up of opposites: male/female, hot/cold, old/young, etc.)

 a process of searching for the relationship between elements

STRUCTURE IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN FUNCTION.

European Space Centre ESTEC(European

Space Centre ESTEC in

Noordwijk, restaurant

conference-hall library,

(Aldo van Eyck and

Hannie van Eyck) 

Nakagin Capsule Tower

Nakagin Capsule Tower in

Tokyo, (Kisho

Kurokawa)

Peter Eisenman (known for being a Structuralist with his designs)

designed an innovative facade for the University of Phoenix Stadium in Arizona

CONSTRUCTIVISMcombined engineering and technology with

political ideologymost famous work of constructivist

architecture was never actually built MOST FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTIVISM

INCLUDE:glass and steel abstract geometric shapestechnological details such as antennae, signs, and projection screens

Russian architect Vladimir Tatlin

launched the constructivist

movement when he proposed the

futuristic, glass-and-steel Tatlin's Tower.

Tatlin's Tower

Constructivist ArchitectsVladimir TatlinKonstantin MelnikovNikolai MilyutinAleksandr VesninLeonid VesninViktor VesninEl LissitzkyVladimir KrinskyIakov Chernikhov

FORMALISM emphasizes forminterested in visual relationships between the building parts and the work as a whole

SHAPE, often on a monumental scale, is the FOCUS OF ATTENTION.

 LINES and RIGID GEOMETRIC SHAPES dominate Formalism.

Architect Ieoh Ming

Pei has been praised for

the "elegant formalism"

of his Bank of

China Tower

Bank of China Tower

BAUHAUS German expression meaning house for building

based on functionalism and simplicity

rejected  "bourgeois" details such as cornices, eaves, and decorative details

use principles of Classical architecture in their most pure form: without ornamentation of any kind

FEATURES OF BAUHUS BUILDINGS  flat roofs smooth facades cubic shapes Common colors used are white, gray, beige, or black.

Floor plans are open and furniture is functional.

The Bauhaus Gropius House in Lincoln, Massachusetts

Architect Walter

Gropius used Bauhaus ideas when he built

his monochrome

home in Lincoln,

Massachusetts.

THE INTERNATIONAL STYLEterm often used to describe Bauhaus architecture in the United States.

 became a symbolism of Capitalismfavored architecture for office buildings, and is also found in upscale homes built for the rich

adapted the International Style to the warm climate and dry terrain, creating an elegant yet informal style known as Desert Modernism.

Williams Tower (formerly the Transco Tower)

Formerly the Transco Tower, the

Williams Tower in Houston, Texas is one of the world's

tallest buildings not in a central

business district.

Architect: Philip Johnson and John

Burgee

The United Nations Secretariat

Originally designed by an international team of architects including Le Corbusier, Oscar

Niemeyer, and Wallace Harrison.

The smooth glass-sided slab, one of the

first uses of curtain-wall cladding on a tall

building.

Architects Inspired by the Bauhaus and International Movement

Walter Gropius Le CorbusierRichard NeutraPhilip JohnsonMies van der RoheMarcel Breuer

DE STIJLmovement started in Netherlands; also

known as Neoplasticismit is a response to World War I destruction

and the loss of individualismabstraction, precision, geometry, striving

towards artistic purity and austerity, studying the laws of nature

advocate materialism and functionalismusing only straight horizontal and vertical

lines and rectangular forms

The Rietveld Schröder House 

Rietveld Schröder House by architect Gerrit Thomas Rietveld,Netherlands (circa 2005)

DESERT MODERNISM a mid-twentieth century approach to

modernismcapitalized on the sunny skies and warm

climate of southern California and American Southwest

Rocks, trees, and other landscape features were often incorporated into the design.

Characteristics of Desert Modernism

Expansive glass walls and windowsDramatic rooflinesWide overhangsSteel and plastic combined with wood and

stoneOpen floor plansOutdoor living spaces incorporated into the

overall design

Architects Associated With Desert ModernismWilliam F. CodyAlbert FreyJohn LautnerRichard NeutraDonald WexlerE. Stewart Williams

Kaufmann House

Kaufmann House in Palm Springs, California by Richard Neutra

BRUTALISMrugged reinforced concrete construction

or Béton Brut meaning raw concreteheavy and angular; can be constructed

quickly and economicallyCOMMON FEATURES:Precast concrete slabsRough, unfinished surfacesExposed steel beamsMassive, sculptural shapes

The Paulo Mendes da Rocha Residence

The Paulo Mendes

da Rocha Residence

in São Paulo,

Brazil by Paulo

Mendes da Rocha

MINIMALISM• also known as reductivist design meaning tending

to reduce to a minimum or to simplify in an extreme way

• Buildings are stripped of all but the most essential elements

• Emphasis is placed on the outline, or frame, of the structure

• Interior walls are eliminated; floor plans are open.

• Lighting is used to dramatize lines and planes.

• The negative spaces around the structure are part of the overall design.

Minimalist Luis Barragan House

The Minimalist Luis Barragan House, or Casa de Luis Barragán, was the home and studio of Mexican architect Luis Barragán. This building is a classic example of the Pritzker Prize Laureate's use of texture, bright colors, and diffused light.

Architects Known for Minimalist DesignsLudwig Mies van der Rohe Tadao AndoLuis BarraganYoshio TaniguchiRichard Gluckman

FAMOUS MODERN ARCHITECTS:Louis Henry Sullivanan American architect, and has been called

the “father of skyscrapers” and “prophet of modern architecture”

 conceived the most famous phrase ever to come out of his profession, “form follows function” 

Sullivan’s architecture is a mixture of plain geometry and undisguised massing punctuated with elaborate pockets of ornamentation in stone, wood and terra cotta.

Wainwright State Office Building

The Wainwright Building is among the

first skyscraper

s in the world. 10-story red

brick office building

FAMOUS MODERN ARCHITECTS:Frank Lloyd Wright never attended architecture school; Wright

studied engineeringapprenticed with J.L. Silsbee and Louis

Sullivan designed more than 1,000 structures and

completed 532 works believed in designing structures which were in

harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture

FallingwaterConsidered by some as

the most famous private

house ever built,

Fallingwater epitomizes

man living in harmony

with nature. 

FAMOUS MODERN ARCHITECTS:

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe along with Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto, and

Frank Lloyd Wright, he is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modern architecture

called his buildings "skin and bones" architecture

associated with the aphorisms, "less is more" and "God is in the details"

Seagram BuildingConstructed with travertine, marble, and 1,500 tons of bronze, the Seagram Building was the most expensive skyscraper of its time.

FAMOUS MODERN ARCHITECTS:

Charles-Édouard Jeanneret better known as Le Corbusierlaid the foundation for what became the Bauhaus

Movement or the International Styleinnovative urban planner; best known for his

low income housing ; dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities

quoted "By law, all buildings should be white.“ because he believed stark, unornamented buildings he designed would contribute to clean, bright, healthy cities

Villa SavoyeThe villa is

representative of the bases

of modern architecture,

and is one of the most easily

recognizable and renowned

examples of the International

style.

FAMOUS MODERN ARCHITECTS:Hugo Alvar Henrik Aaltofamous for both his buildings and his

furniture designspassion for painting led to the development

of his unique architectural style, cubism and collage

Aalto used color, texture, and light to create collage-like architectural landscapes.

Baker HouseThe Baker House by

Alvar Aalto overlooks a busy street,

but the rooms remain

relatively quiet because

the windows face the

traffic at a diagonal.

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!

QUIZ: MARCH 6, 2013 (10 ITEMS)1-3.) Give 3 Stylistic Ideas of Modernism.4.) Who is the “father of skyscrapers”?5.) _________ based on the idea that all things are built from a system of signs.6.) Also known as reductivist design.7-10.) Name 4 famous modern architects.

Answers:1.-3) STRUCTURALISM CONSTRUCTIVISM FORMALISM BAUHAUS THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE DE STIJL BRUTALISM MINIMALISM

4.) Louis Henry Sullivan

5.) Structuralism

6.) Minimalism

7-10.)

Louis Henry Sullivan

Frank Lloyd Wright

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto

Le Corbusier or Charles-Édouard Jeanneret