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Real-Time Multi Resolution
Labeling in 3D GISDamien Saunder
Overview
• Why labeling is important?
• 3D scene examples
• The popularity of 3D
• 12 important 3D labeling challenges
• Inspiration
• Wrap up
Why is labeling important?
• Labels are a critical part of any map.
• They drive cognitive association between
abstract symbols and real-world objects
and places.
Mount Everest, National Geographic, 1988
Labels serve other functions
• Help focus attention
• Aid spatial orientation
• Denote measurements and quantities
• Establish overall look-and-feel of a map
• Serve as both a functional and aesthetic
role
AZ London Atlas
Traditional labeling
• Labeling has been largely a manual
process (pre early 2000’s).
• Automated text labeling has been on the
research agenda for several decades.
• Maplex introduced in 2003 (AcrGIS 9)
• ArcGIS Pro supports 3D labeling*
Today
• The internet and mobile devices are
driving a new wave of automated
real-time labeling challenges.
• 3D is now common place in GIS.
• Users expect the same experience in
3D that they have in 2D (inc. labeling)
A collection of 3D scenes/maps
3D Cartography
Apple Maps
Here Maps
3D – New labeling problems
• 3D scenes present a surprisingly large
set of new labeling problems.
• And, these remain largely unexplored.
12 common issues
3D labeling challenges
Extremely dynamic views
• Moving observer, fixed target
• Moving observer, moving target
• Fixed observer, moving target
Observer(camera)
Target(on map)
Projections
Oblique Axonometric Globe
(view from space)
Interaction - Swiping
• User interactions change the view of the
map in rapid time.
• How do labels transition from the current
view to the new view?
Interaction - Sensitivity
• The goal is to add context to the map, we
must not distract the user in doing so.
• How sensitive should the labeling be to
user interaction?
Priority ranking
• Important features should get labeled
first. They should trump insignificant
features.
• What are the rules?
- Theme based
- Where space permits
- Does foreground always trump
background?
- Closest to camera
- Tallest features, largest features
- Occlusions
Near realism v models of reality
• Two very different types of 3D scenes
may require different labeling logic.
• Do we apply the same rules?
Near realism Grayscale Model
Billboarding
• Traditionally 3D labeling has relied
heavily on billboading.
• But when should we use it?
• How do we transition between
billboarded labels and surface labels?
Drape or detach
• Labeling can applied to 3D features in a
number of ways.
• Do we drape (apply labels directly to
features)?
• OR, detach labels from features either
using leader lines or floating nearby?
J. Dollner
Drape
Detach
Distance from camera
• 3D scenes have an infinite number of
zones through the scene.
• How do we deal with this?
- Size reduction
- Reduce density of features
- Use leader lines on the horizon
- Apply transparency
Peripheral vision
• Extremely important for orientation and
contextual awareness.
• How do we handle labels outside of our
primary field of view?
Department of Transport
Performance
• We think in milliseconds. Users expect
instantaneous responses to their
actions.
• The last thing we want to do is kill their
3D experience with slow labeling.
• What are the performance
bottlenecks/trade-offs and how might
this influence the approaches we take?
Inspiration
• Other industries are leading the way.
• What can we learn from them?
- Motion design
- Augmented reality
- Advertising
- Animation
JApple Perspective video, iPhone 6 Keynote
Augmented reality (source unknown)
Conclusion
• 3D GIS and cartography is here to stay.
• Labels are extremely important to further
understand 3D scenes*
• We’re holding unbelievable CPU and
GPU power in our pockets.
• Real-time 3D multi-resolution labeling is
expected, and is fast becoming the norm.
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