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Opportunities and challenges for youth’s participation in horticultural production in the
face of GlobalGAP standards in Kenya
Kangai, E1. and Mburu, J2.
1Early Career Fellow, FAC.2University of Nairobi
Outline
• Background• The problem and justification• Study methodology• Results and discussion• Conclusion and recommendations
2
Background • Focused on GlobalGAP standards in horticulture
• Main export market is Europe• Emerging markets- Asia, USA,
Japan, S.A• Smallholders supply >70% of
export vegetablesStatement of the problem• Ageing farmers—60 years on
average, Youth unemployment• Enforcement of GlobalGAP
presented various challenges for continued participation in export markets
Background continued
Objective of the studyTo analyse the opportunities and challenges for youths’
participation in horticulture following implementation of GlobalGAP standards
MethodologyStudy area6 districts in Central & Eastern provincesResearch design: Literature review, Community level
surveys and Household survey -117 youths in horticulture
Conceptual Framework
Actors
Youths, Exporters, government,
EXOGENOUS VARIABLES EXOGENOUS VARIABLES
ACTION DOMAIN
OUTCOMES
Opportunities
Challenges
EXOGENOUS VARIABLES
Figure 1: Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework
Source: Adapted from Kirsten and Vink (2005) and Ostrom (2010).
Community attributes;
Norms, moral values,
Culture
Activities
GlobalGAP compliance
Horticulture production,
Market access
Rules in use
Formal and informal rules
Evaluation criteria
Actors
Youths, Market players, government, financiers and extension
Physical/material
Conditions: Land, capital
OUTCOMES
Opportunities
Challenges
Patterns of interaction
Social networks,
Business relations and Acquaintances
Evaluation criteria
Results and discussion
Variable of interest N Mean
Age (Years) 103 26
Years of schooling 101 8.6
Years of experience growing export crops
81 5.8
Average years in group 86 3.2Total acres of land owned 12 1.07
Total cultivated family land (acres)
90 1. 25
Total cultivated rented-in land (acres)
44 1. 07
Export crop income per season (US $)
59 739
Amount of credit obtained (US $)
34 146
Results continued
Trend of entry into horticulture-1.8% between 2001-2005; 1.1% between 2006-2010
Credit: 80% access informal sources only, 42.9% in form of input credit from exporters
-Most youths access US$ 26.7 per seasonCompliance status: 34% compliant, 33% pursuing
compliance
Results & discussion continued
Key: Strong link Moderate Weak link
Results & discussion continued
Youth perception on effects of compliance:
-High cost of production-Improved livelihoods-Better farm hygieneSources of new knowledge-Exporters and groups play a
key role in knowledge transfer and learning
Activities undertaken to improve knowledge on GlobalGAP
Results & discussion continuedChallenges OpportunitiesLow outreach of financiers in rural areas, Low group cohesion
Subsidized and guaranteed credit, risk capital
Resource constraints s.a. land Exporters’ technological package
Low literacy levels Innovations in ICT support services
Non-binding contracts Emerging markets-Asia, S.A, Japan
Limited awareness of the need for compliance to food safety standards
Envisaged development of irrigation infrastructure
Poor enforcement of standardsLack of appropriate skillsPoor coordination of youth programs
Conclusion & policy recommendations• Resource constraints, un-coordination & limited awareness of the need
to comply impede GlobalGAP compliance• Land policy should aim at improving land tenure agreements• Financial partners should design lending models which maximize on
social capital• Need for a platform/database to continuously capture data on youth
initiatives in agriculture• Youth need localized and youth friendly extension service delivery,
practical approach in learning • A need to harmonize activities of government agencies involved in
horticulture and match resources to roles• Need for stakeholders to continuously address factors that limit
profitability of the sector to make it attractive to the youth
Acknowledgement
• IDRC• CMAAE/University of Nairobi• Future Agricultures Consortium• Youths
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