Chapter 4

LAWENFORCEMENTTODAY

Describe the first systems of law enforcement in colonial America.

The Early American Police Experience

◦ Mirrored the English system

The First Police Department

◦ Watch system

Tell how the patronage system affected policing.

Form of corruption in which the political party in power hires and promotes police officers, receiving job-related favors in return.

Professionalism

Administrative Reforms

Technology

Turmoil in the 1960s

The Challenges of Anti-Terrorism

List the four basic responsibilities of the police.

Enforce laws

Provide services

Prevent crime

Preserve the peace

List five main types of law enforcement agencies.

Local police departments Sheriffs’ departments Special police agencies State police Federal law enforcement

There are over 17,500

law enforcementagencies in the

UnitedStates, employing

more than 1 million people.

◦ Roughly 3,067 sheriff’s departments

◦ About 1,481 special police agencies, limited to policing parks, schools, airports, and other locales

◦ 49 state police departments (Hawaii being the exception)

◦ 70 federal law enforcement agencies

◦ 12,766 local police departments

Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies:

◦ Most police officers work in small and medium-sized police departments

◦ While New York City has the largest police department (with about 34,000 employees), roughly 55 percent of all local police department have 10 or fewer officers

◦ Municipal police agencies have the broadest authority to apprehend criminal suspects, maintain order, and provide services to the community

Sheriffs and County Law Enforcement:

◦ Every county in the United States (except those in Alaska) has a sheriff

◦ The sheriff is an elected position, and is therefore in many ways also a politician

The Sheriff’s Department is responsible for:

◦ Investigating violent crime

◦ Investigating drug offenses

◦ Maintaining the county jail

◦ Serving evictions and court summonses

◦ Keeping order in the courthouse

◦ Collecting taxes

◦ Enforcing orders of the court, such as sequestration of a jury

State Police and Highway Patrols:

◦ The most visible state law enforcement agency is the state police or highway patrol agency

◦ Historically, state police agencies were created to: Assist local police agencies Investigate criminal activities that crossed

jurisdictional boundaries Provide law enforcement in rural and other areas

that did not have local or county police agencies Break strikes and control labor movements

Federal law enforcement agencies:◦Small percentage of the nation’s law

enforcement force in numbers, but have a substantial influence

◦Authorized to enforce specific laws or attend to specific situations

◦The most far-reaching reorganization of the federal government since World War II took place in 2002 and 2003, with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security

Indicate some of the most important law enforcement agencies under the control of the Department of Homeland Security.

The Department of Homeland Security:

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (BCP)

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

The U.S. Secret Service

The Department of Justice: The Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

The Drug Enforcement Administration

The U.S. Marshals Service

The Department of the Treasury

Identify the duties of the FBI.

FBI duties:

◦ Has jurisdiction over nearly 200 federal crimes

◦ Provides support to local and state law enforcement agencies

◦ Maintains a database of fingerprint information and offers assistance in finding missing persons and identifying the victims of disasters

◦ National Crime Information Center is accessible to state and local law enforcement

Analyze the importance of private security today.

Over $100 billion spent each year

Over 10,000 U.S. private security firms

1.1 million people employed in security each year

The function of private security is to deter crime rather than stop it

Security officers only report crimes, and in some cases, make citizens’ arrests.

Privatizing Law Enforcement

◦ Citizens’ Arrests

◦ The Deterrence Factor

Private Security Trends

◦ Lack of Standards

◦ Continued Growth in the Industry