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Recovery and employee engagement
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Daily Job Demands: The Role of Recovery and Resources
Prof. dr. Arnold Bakker
Erasmus University Rotterdam
bakker@fsw.eur.nl
EAWOP, May 2007, Stockholm
Outline
• Recovery
• Job Resources
• Hypotheses• Work Engagement, Performance
• Results Multilevel analyses
• Discussion
• Dealing with job demands requires physical work, attention, concentration
• Energy expenditure make people feel fatigued, because their resources are depleted (cf. Meijman et al., 1992)
• People need rest to recover
• Recovery: Process of replenishing resources
Recovery
• High job demands greater need for recovery (Sluiter et al., 1999)
• Intensive work environment more difficulties in unwinding during evening (Meijman et al., 1992)
• Optimal recovery also depends on type and quality of activities (Sonnentag, 2001; Sonnentag & Zijlstra, 2006)
Previous Research
FATIGUE WORKENGAGEMENT
APATHY BOREDOM
LOW
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
JOB RESOURCES
JOB
DE
MA
ND
SResources during workday
Job Demands
Engagement
JobResources
Recovery
Performance
Hypotheses
“Work engagement is a positive, affective-motivational state of fulfillment that is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption”
Schaufeli & Bakker (2003)
Work Engagement
Sample
• 53 employees working on assembly lines• 10-day diary study• 35% overall response• 83% male• Mean age: 37 years• Organizational tenure: 2.7 years• Low level of education
Example Items
• Job Demands (6 items based on Van Veldhoven &
Meijman 1994)
• Today, I had to work very fast
• I really had to concentrate on my work the whole day
• Job Resources (5 items; Bakker et al., 2003)
• Today, I could easily interrupt my work if I wanted to
(autonomy)
• Today, it was easy to know how I performed my job
(feedback)
Example Items
• Recovery• When I started my shift today, I felt recovered
• When I started my shift today, I felt rested
• Work Engagement (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2003)
• Today, I felt vital and strong (vigor)
• Today, I was enthusiastic about my job (dedication)
• Performance (based on Goodman & Svyantek)
• Today, I performed very well
• Today, I voluntarily did more than required
Job Demands
Engagement
JobResources
Recovery
Performance
Results
Demands * Recovery
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Low Demands High Demands
En
gag
emen
t
Low Recovery
High Recovery
Demands * Recovery
3
4
5
6
7
Low Demands High Demands
Per
form
ance
Low Recovery
High Recovery
Conclusions• Recovery helps to keep job demands challenging
• “Recharging the batteries” helps to perform well
• Insight in the function of recovery on daily basis
• No evidence in this study for buffer role of job resources
• More studies needed on recovery as moderator
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